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individual 400515 was a 17 year old hispanic male stopped for a robbery, frisked by hand, and not arrested
individual is a more intense call to action and connects with people on an emotional level, while statistical is purely attempting to represent the problem via numbers and visualizations. It is unlikely to incite as much of a emotional response, but is needed to address any problem.
x^2 test for independence H0: there is no association between race and police force Ha: There is an association between race and police force significance level .05
sample was randomly elected all expected values are NOT >= 5 190 < 10% of all stops in 2011 x^2 = 1.78 df = 4 p value = 0.78 because 0.78 > 0.05, we reject h0. there is convincing evidence of an association between suspect race and level of police force used Conditions aren’t met - there is a observed value less than 5. I can do nothing. * however we should be cautious of this conclusion as the large counts condition was not met.
83.4
44.6
11.0
139
24.0
12.8
3.2
40
6.6
3.5
0.9
11
114
61
15
190
yes! We concluded that there was convincing evidence of an association, and this data agrees with that.
No, we cannot “prove” anything without random assignment
H0: 2 vars are independent \ no association Ha: 2 vars are NOT independent \ association
df = ( # row categories ) - 1 * ( # of column categories ) - 1
x^2 GOF - 1 pop 1 var
x^2 homo - 2+ pop, 1 var
x^2 indep - 1 pop 2+ var
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