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levels to ts: biosphere ecosystem community population organism organ system organ tissue cell organelle molecule atom subatomic particles
biology’s unifying theme evolution by natural selection
scientific method is a series of steps which if followed may provide insight about world
observation → question → hypothesis → experiment → results → conclusion not always that linear, often backtracking. obersvation → testing → communication → outcomes
graph types: bar graph: compare categories of data
line graph: display data changing continuously
pie chart: convey percentages
observational studies only observe, dont manipulate.
epidemiological study looks for health differences between 2 groups, one known to have some lifestyle factor and one that doenst
clinical trials have a experimental and control group. experimental gets some treatment, other doesnt.
well designed scientific questions must be: testable specific and data results must be measurable
hypotheses must be
testable falsifiable ( can be proven false ) repeatable
null hypothesis predicts no effect alternative hypothesis predicts effects rejecting null hypothesis means we think there is an effect
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